Journalists from the AFP news agency in Havana reported that the 95-year-old former commander of the Cuban armed forces and former president, who was recently charged by the United States, appeared at the event wearing a military uniform.
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As he entered the Karl Marx Theater, the gathered crowd greeted him with enthusiastic applause.
R. Castro is the last living leader of the 1959 Cuban revolution and is believed to still have influence, although he stepped down from the presidency in 2018.
He last appeared in public on May 1 in an event in front of the US embassy in Havana, where he looked weak, and in early June he was shown in a state television report about another event.
In May, a court in the US state of Florida charged him with four counts of murder.
The charges relate to US civilian planes shot down by Cuban forces on February 24, 1996.
The United States has imposed an energy embargo on the communist-ruled island, demanding a change of government and thorough economic and political reforms.
This crisis and years of poor maintenance have led to constant power outages and shortages of essential goods.
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